In the last two centuries, human ingenuity made it. Ozone depletion potential odp is the potential for a single molecule of the refrigerant to destroy the ozone layer. Refrigerants properties pdf product data summary and thermodynamic tables. Common refrigerants and their ozone depletion potential odp and global warming potential gwp are indicated below. Highgwp refrigerants california air resources board. Airconditioning with natural refrigerants interview with thomas spanich, member of the board at eurammon, the european initiative for natural refrigerants mr. Chlorodifluoromethane r22, for example, has an odp of 0. Refrigerants should have as low a gwp value as possible to. This website addresses stratospheric ozone issues, including the science of ozone depletion, epas regulatory approach to protecting the ozone layer, epaapproved alternatives to ozone depleting substances, and sun safety. Ozone depletion potential odp there are also some chemical compounds, which include refrigerants, that contribute to. Companies like honeywell are to looking into redesigning appliances like air conditioners and refrigerant applications that have a lower gwp. Volkmar hasse, gtz proklima, germany preface volkmar hasse, gtz proklima i. Refrigerants refrigeration systems and applications.
The following table lists some of the most common refrigerants and shows. Pdf refrigerant types, issues, trends and future options. Refrigeration systems using low global warming potential refrigerants. Refrigerants are divided into groups according to their chemical composition.
Edge guidance document for refrigerant selection to reduce climate impact based on the montreal protocol version 1 published. Which type of refrigerant has the highest ozone depletion potential odp. Even though hfcs have a zeroodp, in some cases it has a global warming potential highgwp. Linde strongly advocates the use of refrigerant gases with zero ozone depletion potential and fully supports the phase out of hcfcs. Refrigerants are regulated as hazardous materials by the us epa and carb, due to their ozone depleting ability and powerful greenhouse gas potential. Ozone blank is a numeric value assigned to refrigerants to compair how harmful they can be to the ozone depletion potential a refrigerant global warming potential gwp is based on a ratio of the refrigerants warming effect compared to the warming effect of. A comparison between refrigerants used in air conditioning. Table 1 gives an overview of the different groups of refrigerants. Types of refrigerants and their environmental impact. Those who design, purchase, install, and service equipment air conditioning and refrigeration equipment should consult. Ozone depletion potential odp of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation it can cause to the ozone layer.
Currently the major refrigerant is switching to hydrofluorocarbons hfcs which has zero ozone depletion potential zeroodp. This refrigeration playbook provides guidance to refrigeration system design teams about selecting energyefficient refrigeration systems that use lowglobal warming potential gwp refrigerants. Semiempirical ozone depletion potential, net global warming potential over a 100year time horizon, occupational exposure. The refrigerants that are used in refrigerating and airconditioning systems should be harmless to the environment and not contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer, or to the increase in earths warming potential also called the greenhouse effect. Describe the numbering system used for designating refrigerants section. Ozone depletion potential odp and global warming potential gwp. Global warming potential measurement of global warming done in relation with co2,where co2 has gwp 1 lower the value of gwp better the refrigerant few examples are given below. Environmental aspects are increasingly being taken into consideration. R410a is a non ozone depleting binary blend of two hfc refrigerants, comprising 50% of r32 and 50% of r125 by percentage of weight, it has no chlorine content, and only a modest global warming potential. Ozone depletion potential of different refrigerants slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising.
It was designed to provide benefits in efficiency and system size by increasing system pressure and. Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s. The search for refrigerants with low global warming potential gwp to replace more harmful hfcs is continuing. All of the refrigerants use r11 as a calibration and thus r11 has an odp of 1. Limited options for lowglobalwarmingpotential refrigerants. Phasing out hcfc refrigerants to protect the ozone layer pdf. Refrigerants and their environmental impact substitution of hydro chlorofluorocarbon hcfc and hfc hydro fluorocarbon. The two main types of hazardous refrigerants used in vessel. The process is not easy, and although there are alternatives to old refrigerants, the new ones are usually not flawless. Chemical refrigerants are assigned an r number which is determined systematically according. The effects on the industry of the actions to reduce ozone depletion and global warming are now apparent. This paper contains a summarized look at our experience and knowledge, describing the background, trends, and drivers that frame the scenarios for present and future refrigerant selection. Cfc 11, or r11 has the maximum potential amongst chlorocarbons because of the presence of three chlorine atoms in the molecule.
Hazards during the repair and maintenance of refrigeration systems on vessels the repair and maintenance of refrigeration systems can present hazards to both workers servicing these systems and those in the general area. R4a tetrafluoroethane is an environmental nonozonedepleting refrigerant, the cooling capacity and efficiency and r12 is very close, they were regarded as longterm alternative to r12. Today, as in that first system, the refrigerant absorbs heat and transfers it at a higher temperature and a higher pressure, usually with a phase change. Energy procedia 18 2012 807 a 816 18766102 a 2012 published by elsevier ltd. Hydrofluorocarbons hfcs, which are currently used as refrigerants in airconditioning ac systems, are potent greenhouse gases, with high values of global warming potential gwp. Estimates of relative potentials to enhance global warming halocarbons global warming potential or hgwp will be discussed in a subsequent publication fisher et al. Desirable properties of refrigerants used in refrigeration applications like physical, chemical, environmental properties including economic aspects. Refrigerants and cfcs a major cause of ozone layer depletion. Environmental concerns about ozone depletion and global warming have led over time to the development of evolving global and regional regulations, which has had significant implications for refrigerants across applications.
Product information sorted by product type and name type product r number odp1 gwp2 cfc 12 1 high 10900 high 502 0,33 high 4657 high. Calm otherwise retired except as restricted by national regulations. Furthermore, natural refrigerants stand out not only by being environmentfriendly the global warming potential of ammonia is zero and that of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons is negligibly small but above all by being energy efficient. According to the montreal protocol, the odp of refrigerants should be. R4a is widely used in automotive air conditioning and residential, commercial and industrial refrigeration systems, but also as a blowing agent for rigid foam insulation materials production. Compressor basic refrigeration cycle evaporator condenser receiver expansion. Apr 12, 2020 the ozone depletion potential odp of a refrigerant is the relative amount of depletion to the ozone layer it can cause. Alternatives to ozone depleting refrigerants in test equipment. A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration. Free flashcards to help memorize facts about practice test. It has long been used in a variety of airconditioning and refrigeration applications in a variety of markets. Most of the cfcs and hcfcs causing ozone layer depletion and greenhouse effect are already being phased out.
A refrigerant is a fluid used in a refrigeration system to extract heat at low temperature and low pressure during evaporation and reject heat at high temperature and high pressure during condensation. This is a relative indication of the effect of the substance on breaking down the ozone layer. Odp is ozone depletion potential of with re ference to cfc r11 as 1. Gwp values for ozone depleting substances can range, for example, from 2 up to about 14,000. Refrigerants and their environmental impact substitution of. The stratospheric ozone layer is earths sunscreen protecting living things from too much ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Refrigerant types, issues, trends and future options. Refrigerants and their application presented by thomas e. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information.
The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. Classification can be divided into class 1, class 2, class 3. Through its mission to advance the arts and sciences of heating, ventilating, air conditioning and refrigerating to serve humanity and promote a sustainable world. Impact of charge degradation on the life cycle climate performance of a residential air conditioning system an evaluation of the environmental impact of different commercial supermarket refrigeration systems using low global warming potential refrigerants. Nonozone depleting substances ods do not deplete the earths protective ozone layer. Odp defined the odp, or ozone depletion potential, is the potential for a single molecule of the refrigerant to destroy the ozone layer.
I will be going over the top three classes at this point in time. Hazards during the repair and maintenance of refrigeration. The process is not easy, and although there are alternatives to old refrigerants. The earliest mechanical refrigeration used air as a working fluid. The need to find a long term solution calls for the use of natural refrigerants. Low gwp refrigerant ozonedepletion potential zeroodp. The ozone depletion potential odp of a refrigerant is the relative amount of depletion to the ozone layer it can cause. Environmental impact of the refrigeration and air conditioning sectors refrigerants refrigerants pose a threat to the environment because of their ozone depletion potential odp and global warming potential gwp. Refrigerants pdf classify refrigerants into primary and secondary, and discuss the important. They also have good energy efficiency, but are flammable and can form an explosive mixture with air if a leak occurs. The interest in finding new refrigerants and working fluids has highlighted r. Linde strongly advocates the use of refrigerant gases with zero ozone depletion. The ozone depletion potential odp of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer it can cause, with trichlorofluoromethane r11 or cfc11 being fixed at an odp of 1. Computer models have long been used to estimate the relative.
Natural refrigerants selecting and designing energyefficient commercial refrigeration systems that use low global warming potential refrigerants caleb nelson, chuck reis, eric nelson, james armer, rob arthur, richard heath, and james rono cta architects engineers boise, idaho adam hirsch and ian doebber. Some of these refrigerants are entirely new ones, while the others are the mixture of two or more refrigerants. Which refrigerants have the lowest ozone depletion potential. Hydroflourocarbons hfcs can be short and midterm replacements, but may not be permanent due to their high global warming potential gwp 5. Refrigerants can thus also be ranked according to their impact on the stratospheric ozone layer the ozone depletion potential, odp or as greenhouse gases the global warming potential, gwp. But through domestic and international action, the ozone layer is healing and should fully recover by about 2065. Halocarbon scenarios, ozone depletion potentials, and global warming potentials pdf. R11 high chlorine content gwp is 4000 r22 low chlorine content gwp is 1700 r4a no chlorine content gwp is 0 34. American society of heating, refrigerating and air. Stratospheric ozone depletion and hvac refrigerants.
The american society of heating, refrigerating, and airconditioning engineers ashrae is an international leader in the field of refrigeration and air conditioning. However, halogenated refrigerants possess comparatively poor environmental properties with respect to ozone depletion potential odp and global warming potential gwp. Fellow ashrae mcquay international staunton, virginia usa 1 what is a refrigerant. A number of alternative refrigerants have been developed and still many more new are being developed. Policylegislation on fgases and alternatives two environmental frameworks one goal the montreal protocol and the kyoto protocol. The airconditioning and refrigeration industry has moved to hfc refrigerants which have zero ozone depletion and low global warming potential due to regulations on cfc and hcfc refrigerants and concerns for the environment. For each ods, this page provides the compounds atmospheric lifetime, ozone depletion potential ozone depletion potentiala number that refers to the amount of ozone depletion caused by a substance.
Spanich, according to the german energy agency, the operation of ventilation and airconditioning systems accounts for around 20 percent of all energy consumed by commercial buildings. Pdf ozone depletion potential of different refrigerants. The following is a list of refrigerants with their typeprefix, ashrae designated numbers, iupac chemical name, molecular formula, cas registry number blend name, atmospheric lifetime in years, semiempirical ozone depletion potential, net global warming potential over a 100year time horizon, occupational exposure limitpermissible exposure. Compared to halogenated refrigerants, hydrocarbons like isobutane r600a and propane r290 offer several advantages.
Ozone depletion and global warming are two major environmental concerns with serious implications for the future development of the refrigerationbased industries. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Introduction under the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, article 7 of the protocol requires all parties, both developing countries also called article 5 countries and developed countries. May 14, 2015 ozone depletion potential of different refrigerants slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. In some categories of the leed rating system, minimum energy performance and fundamental refrigerant management are included as a prerequisites, the intent is to establish a minimum level of energy efficiency for the building system and reduce ozone depletion potential, gwp, and support early compliance with epa montreal protocol. Mar 03, 2015 what refrigerant has the lowest ozone depletion. R23 is an hfc refrigerant gas used in very low temperature refrigeration systems. All of the refrigerants use r11 as a datum reference, and thus r11 has an odp of 1. Cfcs are generally characterised by a big odp value, because they contain chlorine, which is accused of heavily contributing to the ozone. Global warming potential gwp is a relative measure of how much heat a refrigerant traps in the atmosphere. The odp is the ratio of the impact on ozone of a chemical compared to the impact of a similar mass of cfc11.
Ozonedepleting substances ozone layer protection us epa. Classification of refrigerants refrigerants are classified according to their way of absorption or extraction of heat from substances stored in the refrigerator. Following the discovery that some of these chemical compounds may be harmful to the environment, they are being replaced with more environmentally friendly alternatives see figure 5. Before i can answer that question there is the need to point out that there are a variety of different classes of refrigerants that are on the market today throughout the world. Other activities to help include hangman, crossword, word scramble, games, matching, quizes, and tests. Policylegislation on fgases and alternatives two environmental frameworks. Refrigerants containing chlorine or bromine contribute to the breakdown of the ozone layer see figure 5. Stratospheric ozone depletion is a global threat to the balance of nature resulting in a decreasing concentration of ozone particles in the upper atmosphere.
Restrictions the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the. Inorganic and organic groups are important sources of refrigerants and absorbents. Desirable properties of refrigerants chemical engineering site. Indicators for quantitative comparison of the various substancesareodp8ozonedepletionpotentialandgwp9 global warming potential, which are closely related to their atmospheric lifetime alt 10. First you compress it and because its molecules are shoved into a smaller space they rapidly bounce off one another and heat up. Although discussed herein as production, the montreal protocol actually regulates consumption, which it defines as production plus imports less exports and specified destruction. Fluids suitable for refrigeration purposes can be classified. The emission of ozone depleting substances has been damaging the ozone layer. Highglobal warming potential highgwp refrigerants include all ozonedepleting substances and any refrigerant with a gwp of 150 or higher.
Cfcs were replaced with hcfcs, which have lower ozonedepletion potential odp, or with hydrofluorocarbons hfcs, which have zero odp. In order from the highest to the lowest potential of ozone depletion are. In general, all refrigerants are characterised by two numbers. Next generation refrigeration lubricants for low global. Comparison of environmental impacts and physical properties of refrigerants ko matsunaga executive summary even before the invention of refrigeration, people wanted to improve their life by using ice to provide cold drinks and preserve food. Ozone depletion potential odp of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation it can cause to the ozone layerglobal warming potential gwp is a measure of how much a given mass of a gas contributes to global warming. New refrigerants impact standards and codes the function of refrigerant as a fluid used for heat transfer has not changed since the development of the first refrigerating system. Global warming potential vs ozone depletion potential. Carbon dioxide has a baseline gwp of 1, therefore, a gas that has a gwp that is higher than 1 traps more heat than co2. The regulation for the management of high global warming potential refrigerants for stationary sources carb. The refrigerator and air conditioning industries have started to address the future challenges. Mar 16, 2019 a refrigerant is a non corrosive liquid or gas that you use in a machine to exchange heat. Refrigerant retrofits unit 9 test flashcards quizlet. Global warming potential gwp is a measure of how much a given mass of a gas contributes to global.
Ozone depletion potential of different refrigerants. In particular, property managers must oversee the proper management of refrigerants and refrigerantcontaining. Ozone depletion potential of different refrigerants and their solution. Natural refrigerants sustainable ozone and climatefriendly alternatives to hcfcs introduction dr.
Systems with natural refrigerants need around 30% less energy. Products that normally contain ozone depleting substances should be replaced with functionally similar products that contain nonozone depleting substances. Ozone is a variant of oxygen, the ozone molecule having three atoms of oxygen. Edge guidance document for refrigerant selection to reduce. Refrigerants that have a low ozone depletion potential odp will, in turn, have a high total equivalent.
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